Methane galore: Whisky and the green energy revolution

Whisky has a huge carbon footprint. But now a green energy revolution could be changing all that, says Jamie Merrill

Monday, 13 June 2011

Facing Loch Indaal on the coast of Islay, the southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides, a small whisky distillery is one of the last places you might expect to find a revolutionary green energy project.


But Bruichladdich, a small privately owned distillery founded in 1881, is pioneering a system which is converting thousands of tons of yeasty waste into green energy.

Islay is home to some of Scotland's best-known whiskies, including Ardbeg and Lagavulin, and the industry has come under pressure to reduce its burgeoning carbon footprint, one of the highest of any food or drink. "Alcohol, like all food and drinks we consume, has a carbon footprint but until now we've tended to focus on high-profile examples such as green beans flown in from Kenya," says Tara Garnett, who runs the Food Climate Research Network at the University of Surrey. "But whisky, not only because we consume more of it, has a very large carbon footprint."

None of the main distilleries will release figures for their energy consumption but it's known that producing a bottle of beer – a far less energy-intensive process than whisky – creates up to 900g of carbon dioxide, compared to 21g for a cup of black tea. And whisky is often exported in heavy bottles with plenty of elaborate packaging.

Now though, thanks to consumer pressure and work by academics like Garnett, whisky distilleries are looking for greener production methods. Diageo, one of the biggest, has just invested £65m in green technology at its Cameronbridge distillery at Fife.

On Islay, Bruichladdich is leading the way with a pioneering process called anaerobic digester, which uses microbes to convert thousands of tons of pot ale (the yeasty by-product of producing 46,000 cases of single malt whisky a year) into methane gas, which is burned to make energy for the site.

Bacteria breaks down the organic waste in huge tanks without oxygen, meaning it cannot digest the waste fully, so, instead of just producing carbon dioxide, it produces methane, the main constituent of natural gas.

"Whisky has two main waste streams: the first is spent barley, which at Bruichladdich goes to feed local cattle; and pot ale – warm water and dead yeast – which until recently was trucked to the other side of the island and poured down a drain into the sea," says Mark Reynier, the company's owner. "The new equipment wasn't cheap. It cost us £275,000 to install but it's saving us £150,000 a year in electricity and the cost to truck our waste across the island for environmentally friendly disposal. Now our only real waste product is water."

The concept of anaerobic digestion isn't new. Irish scientist Robert Boyle first identified the concept around 1670 when he noted flammable gas bubbling to the surface of a muddy pond floor. Until recently, however, the technical expertise required, the enormous scale and low level of efficiency limited the process's commercial viability. But at Bruichladdich it has been made possible by a miniaturised digestion system.

The process began with 12 tons of bespoke microbes, bred to deal specifically with Bruichladdich's pot ale. These microbes were gradually fed into increasing volumes of pot ale in two vats to create biogas. As Reynier delicately puts it: "Our farting microbes are farting methane to power our generator which in turn feeds into the distillery's electrical distribution network."

Reynier, who now runs his Nissan Leaf electric car off the system, says the system provides 100 per cent of the distillery's power. He isn't a traditional environmentalist though: "I'm no eco-warrior. There are so many hare-brain environmental schemes out there and in the whisky industry that just don't work or are simply PR exercises. This, though, was a very interesting concept that made good business sense."

Italy's nuclear power referendum gets under way

Pro-nuclear Berlusconi urges Italians to say 'no' while trying to limit turnout in key ballot
John Hooper in Rome
guardian.co.uk, Sunday 12 June 2011 16.31 BST

Italians have begun voting in the world's first nuclear power referendum since Japan's Fukushima disaster, a vital ballot that represents a trial of strength between Italy's increasingly beleaguered prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi and his critics.

A majority yes vote could block his dream of generating a quarter of Italy's electricity needs with nuclear power. But the outcome of the ballot will only be valid if there is a turnout of at least 50% and Berlusconi's rightwing government has been doing all it can to limit participation.

Berlusconi, directly or indirectly, controls six of Italy's seven main television channels and news bulletins had scarcely mentioned the vote, despite nuclear power being an issue that stirs passionate feelings, until a few days ago when the country's media watchdog stepped in among Italians.

The prime minister has said he does not intend to vote and his government tried to scotch the ballot in a failed court appeal.

A turnout of more than 50% would be a second humiliating blow to the prime minister following defeat in last month's local elections in his home city of Milan.

After the courts threw out the government's appeal against the nuclear referendum, opposition groups mounted an energetic campaign to increase turnout.

Pierluigi Bersani, the leader of Italy's biggest opposition group the centre-left Democratic party, said they were "a step away" from reaching their goal.

Italy has not operated a nuclear plant since 1990. Three years earlier, a similar referendum was held in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. Voters opted for the non-nuclear option in each of three ballots and Italy began phasing out its nuclear capacity, including an almost completed plant at Montalto di Castro, north of Rome.

But referendum decisions in Italy last only five years. Since 1992, Italian governments have, in theory, been free to embark on a new nuclear energy programme.

Italy is the only member of the G8 that does not produce nuclear power and supporters of nuclear energy argue that it is the key reason for the country's exceptionally high electricity bills. The high cost of electricity to both private consumers and business is also cited as a prime cause of Italy's low economic growth in recent years.