23 August 2010
Supported by a $1.5m (£0.96m) grant from the US Department of Energy (DOE), University of Wyoming (UW) researchers are to study the storage of CO2 as well as nitrogen and sulphur oxides in southwest Wyoming’s Rock Springs Uplift.
The Rock Springs Uplift, which boasts geologic formations that have been identified as among the most promising targets for storing CO2 in the state, is also home to a planned test site to be drilled by a partnership led by the University of Wyoming as well as Baker Hughes and other companies.
Project leader Mohammad Piri, a professor in the UW Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, said that a multidisciplinary research team will assess how much carbon can be injected into the formations and if it can be permanently trapped with negligible leakage.
.Experimental and modelling work will be conducted on reservoir rock samples that will be recovered from the stratigraphic test well.
Recognising the importance of carbon storage to ensure the future of Wyoming’s fossil fuels industry, the university is contributing an additional $1.37m to the project, which is funded by the DOE for three years.
Read more: http://www.theengineer.co.uk/news/doe-grant-funds-wyoming-carbon-capture-study/1004478.article#ixzz0xcCImohh
Wednesday, 25 August 2010
Energy ‘Lung-Shaped’ Fuel Cell Increases Energy Efficiency
by Timon Singh, 08/24/10
filed under: Renewable Energy
Photo by Brandon Baunach
The human body is arguably one of the finest machines ever created by nature, and now a team from Norway’s Academy of Science and Letters in Oslo are looking to it for inspiration as they design the next generation of hydrogen fuel cells. More specifically, they are looking at the lungs — according to Signe Kjelstrup, who is heading the team, making fuel cells in the shape of lungs could cut down on the amount of expensive catalysts needed, such as platinum, while increasing efficiency. It is hoped that the research will enable hydrogen cars to manufactured en mass.
But what makes the shape of the lung benefical to the efficiency of fuel cells? In Kjelstrup’s team’s cell, they’ve designed channels modelled on the bronchial structure of the lungs in order to supply hydrogen and oxygen gas to their respective electrodes. As such, this design enables the spread of gases much more uniformly and efficiently — just like oxygen in the lungs.
It also means that less platinum is needed, as the efficient spread of gas across the catalyst outdoes current conventional methods — meaning a larger surface area is no longer needed. Reducing the amount of platinum that hydrogen fuel cells use will make their production all the more affordable, and therefore more appealing to car manufacturers. It is entirely possible that within five years, the next generation of ‘green vehicles’ will be powered by these cells.
While tests and designs are currently ongoing, it is just another example of how nature is influencing the science and technology of today. The study of biomimicry has already resulted in generations of aerodynamic cars designed to look like water drops and solar cells designed to mimic the structure of honeycomb.
Read more: 'Lung-shaped' fuel cell increases energy efficiency | Inhabitat - Green Design Will Save the World
filed under: Renewable Energy
Photo by Brandon Baunach
The human body is arguably one of the finest machines ever created by nature, and now a team from Norway’s Academy of Science and Letters in Oslo are looking to it for inspiration as they design the next generation of hydrogen fuel cells. More specifically, they are looking at the lungs — according to Signe Kjelstrup, who is heading the team, making fuel cells in the shape of lungs could cut down on the amount of expensive catalysts needed, such as platinum, while increasing efficiency. It is hoped that the research will enable hydrogen cars to manufactured en mass.
But what makes the shape of the lung benefical to the efficiency of fuel cells? In Kjelstrup’s team’s cell, they’ve designed channels modelled on the bronchial structure of the lungs in order to supply hydrogen and oxygen gas to their respective electrodes. As such, this design enables the spread of gases much more uniformly and efficiently — just like oxygen in the lungs.
It also means that less platinum is needed, as the efficient spread of gas across the catalyst outdoes current conventional methods — meaning a larger surface area is no longer needed. Reducing the amount of platinum that hydrogen fuel cells use will make their production all the more affordable, and therefore more appealing to car manufacturers. It is entirely possible that within five years, the next generation of ‘green vehicles’ will be powered by these cells.
While tests and designs are currently ongoing, it is just another example of how nature is influencing the science and technology of today. The study of biomimicry has already resulted in generations of aerodynamic cars designed to look like water drops and solar cells designed to mimic the structure of honeycomb.
Read more: 'Lung-shaped' fuel cell increases energy efficiency | Inhabitat - Green Design Will Save the World
Brazil taps small farmers for biofuels campaign
GETULIO VARGAS | Tue Aug 24, 2010 7:41pm EDT
GETULIO VARGAS Brazil (Reuters) - With its biofuels business increasingly dominated by giant corporations, Brazil is seeking to extend its biofuels sector to include farmers like Lucas Scariot, who makes around $10,000 per year from selling grain.
For the past three years, Scariot has sold soy beans at a premium over market prices to a biofuels company under a government program aimed at supporting small farms and creating jobs in the countryside while cutting fuel imports.
This year Scariot planted canola for the first time in a field he usually leaves fallow during the winter, diversifying the region's soy-dependent agricultural base and providing a new raw material for local biodiesel production.
"It's good for the farmer because it gives us additional value for our crops," said Scariot, a 22-year-old farmer and agronomy student who along with his father works 20 hectares -- equal to about nine Manhattan city blocks -- of verdant and hilly land in Brazil's southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul.
"And now we have incentives for new crops, because people are always talking about soy, soy, soy. We can't just depend on that," said Scariot, who also raises pigs and chickens at his farm house.
The program is meant to boost production of biodiesel, which can be used in heavy vehicles like trucks, and reduce diesel imports the way the 30-year sugar cane ethanol program has cut the use of motor gasoline.
Brazil's government hopes backing small farmers will help avoid problems associated with its ethanol sector, including growing concentration in the hands of large agribusiness and notoriously bad labor conditions that have drawn global condemnation.
But efforts to use new raw materials, including untested crops such as castor bean plants, have sparked criticism that it is sinking millions of dollars into inefficient biofuels production that mostly benefits the politically well-connected.
SMALL FARMS
The program offers tax breaks to 30 participating biofuels producers and helps them get better financing arrangements. Those companies in 2009 purchased raw materials from around 51,000 small farmers, a figure slated to reach 100,000 by the end of this year.
Those benefits attracted Oleoplan, a biodiesel producer with close to 800 million reais ($450 million) in annual sales, that now buys more than a third of its raw materials from small farmers like Scariot.
"The results have been fantastic," Oleoplan's director Domingos Costella said at the company's headquarters, where a maze of machinery -- clouded in the overpowering smell of soy -- grinds up hundreds of tonnes of the crop, extracts its oils and mixes it with other chemicals to create fuel.
"This is a way for us to secure more raw material while still keeping the small farmer in mind."
The company plans to nearly double fuel production by next year in part because of the additional supply.
As part of the arrangement, Oleoplan provides technical assistance to farmers or farming cooperatives to help them boost crop yields and make more efficient use of fertilizer.
Brazil began biodiesel production in 2005 and in 2010 is expected to produce 2.4 billion liters (634 million gallons). This year it began requiring all fossil diesel to be sold with a minimum 5 percent biodiesel mix.
Biodiesel backers say hiking that rate would cut carbon emissions and reduce state oil company Petrobras's imports of diesel and distillate fuels, which last year reached 78,000 barrels per day -- more than 10 percent of its diesel output.
Petrobras has found new ways to refine vegetable-based oils together with diesel in its petroleum refineries.
While the country's ethanol program has won praise, it is also targeted by critics who say it contributes to rising food prices and makes use of quasi-slave labor. Authorities hotly deny the first accusation but have acknowledged the second.
The government last year put Cosan, the world's largest sugar and ethanol group, on a list of companies that put workers in slave-like conditions, though it was quickly removed.
"We can create better jobs than the ones in the ethanol sector, and with biodiesel those jobs can go to family farmers," said Arnoldo de Campos, coordinator of the program for the ministry of agricultural development.
WONDER CROPS?
The effort has faced furious criticism for falling into a common trap of biofuels innovation -- betting on crops with hyped-up energy promise that ultimately fall short.
The program recruited thousands of family farmers to grow castor bean plants, which sprout spiky green seeds that advocates insisted could produce large amounts of oil and grow on degraded soil with little water.
But no producer participating in the program has been able to commercially produce biofuels from the crop. Critics say this is because production costs and yields are too high to justify using it for fuel.
As a result, Brazil's largest biodiesel maker had to shut two plants in the poor northeast after months of supporting castor bean cultivation, sparking outrage among farmers.
"We warned the government about the technical problems associated with turning castor beans into biodiesel, but the politicians just wouldn't listen," said Miguel Dabdoub, a chemistry professor at the University of Sao Paulo who has helped lead the development of Brazil's biodiesel sector.
He says political leaders from Brazil's northeast took advantage of the program to promote ill-advised schemes in much the same way the U.S. agriculture industry has used political clout to push for inefficient corn-based ethanol.
But he praises efforts to incorporate small farmers into biofuels production.
Glemir Valenca, 39, says his soy crop yields over the last two years have been the highest ever thanks to a combination of good weather and technical assistance from biodiesel producers.
"We're getting more money for our crops and we're getting advice so we can produce more," he said. "It's something that's been really good for us."
($1=1.76 reais)
GETULIO VARGAS Brazil (Reuters) - With its biofuels business increasingly dominated by giant corporations, Brazil is seeking to extend its biofuels sector to include farmers like Lucas Scariot, who makes around $10,000 per year from selling grain.
For the past three years, Scariot has sold soy beans at a premium over market prices to a biofuels company under a government program aimed at supporting small farms and creating jobs in the countryside while cutting fuel imports.
This year Scariot planted canola for the first time in a field he usually leaves fallow during the winter, diversifying the region's soy-dependent agricultural base and providing a new raw material for local biodiesel production.
"It's good for the farmer because it gives us additional value for our crops," said Scariot, a 22-year-old farmer and agronomy student who along with his father works 20 hectares -- equal to about nine Manhattan city blocks -- of verdant and hilly land in Brazil's southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul.
"And now we have incentives for new crops, because people are always talking about soy, soy, soy. We can't just depend on that," said Scariot, who also raises pigs and chickens at his farm house.
The program is meant to boost production of biodiesel, which can be used in heavy vehicles like trucks, and reduce diesel imports the way the 30-year sugar cane ethanol program has cut the use of motor gasoline.
Brazil's government hopes backing small farmers will help avoid problems associated with its ethanol sector, including growing concentration in the hands of large agribusiness and notoriously bad labor conditions that have drawn global condemnation.
But efforts to use new raw materials, including untested crops such as castor bean plants, have sparked criticism that it is sinking millions of dollars into inefficient biofuels production that mostly benefits the politically well-connected.
SMALL FARMS
The program offers tax breaks to 30 participating biofuels producers and helps them get better financing arrangements. Those companies in 2009 purchased raw materials from around 51,000 small farmers, a figure slated to reach 100,000 by the end of this year.
Those benefits attracted Oleoplan, a biodiesel producer with close to 800 million reais ($450 million) in annual sales, that now buys more than a third of its raw materials from small farmers like Scariot.
"The results have been fantastic," Oleoplan's director Domingos Costella said at the company's headquarters, where a maze of machinery -- clouded in the overpowering smell of soy -- grinds up hundreds of tonnes of the crop, extracts its oils and mixes it with other chemicals to create fuel.
"This is a way for us to secure more raw material while still keeping the small farmer in mind."
The company plans to nearly double fuel production by next year in part because of the additional supply.
As part of the arrangement, Oleoplan provides technical assistance to farmers or farming cooperatives to help them boost crop yields and make more efficient use of fertilizer.
Brazil began biodiesel production in 2005 and in 2010 is expected to produce 2.4 billion liters (634 million gallons). This year it began requiring all fossil diesel to be sold with a minimum 5 percent biodiesel mix.
Biodiesel backers say hiking that rate would cut carbon emissions and reduce state oil company Petrobras's imports of diesel and distillate fuels, which last year reached 78,000 barrels per day -- more than 10 percent of its diesel output.
Petrobras has found new ways to refine vegetable-based oils together with diesel in its petroleum refineries.
While the country's ethanol program has won praise, it is also targeted by critics who say it contributes to rising food prices and makes use of quasi-slave labor. Authorities hotly deny the first accusation but have acknowledged the second.
The government last year put Cosan, the world's largest sugar and ethanol group, on a list of companies that put workers in slave-like conditions, though it was quickly removed.
"We can create better jobs than the ones in the ethanol sector, and with biodiesel those jobs can go to family farmers," said Arnoldo de Campos, coordinator of the program for the ministry of agricultural development.
WONDER CROPS?
The effort has faced furious criticism for falling into a common trap of biofuels innovation -- betting on crops with hyped-up energy promise that ultimately fall short.
The program recruited thousands of family farmers to grow castor bean plants, which sprout spiky green seeds that advocates insisted could produce large amounts of oil and grow on degraded soil with little water.
But no producer participating in the program has been able to commercially produce biofuels from the crop. Critics say this is because production costs and yields are too high to justify using it for fuel.
As a result, Brazil's largest biodiesel maker had to shut two plants in the poor northeast after months of supporting castor bean cultivation, sparking outrage among farmers.
"We warned the government about the technical problems associated with turning castor beans into biodiesel, but the politicians just wouldn't listen," said Miguel Dabdoub, a chemistry professor at the University of Sao Paulo who has helped lead the development of Brazil's biodiesel sector.
He says political leaders from Brazil's northeast took advantage of the program to promote ill-advised schemes in much the same way the U.S. agriculture industry has used political clout to push for inefficient corn-based ethanol.
But he praises efforts to incorporate small farmers into biofuels production.
Glemir Valenca, 39, says his soy crop yields over the last two years have been the highest ever thanks to a combination of good weather and technical assistance from biodiesel producers.
"We're getting more money for our crops and we're getting advice so we can produce more," he said. "It's something that's been really good for us."
($1=1.76 reais)
Offshore wind farms reject 'seal-killer' allegations
Wind farm developers reject allegations their vessels caused seal mutilations. From BusinessGreen.com, part of the Guardian Environment Network
Jessica Shankleman guardian.co.uk, Tuesday 24 August 2010 13.18 BST
Offshore wind farm developers implicated in a mysterious spate of seal deaths have vigorously denied allegations their construction vessels could be to blame.
Scientists investigating the killings believe the deaths were caused by a vessel with a ducted propeller that has caused "corkscrew-style" mutilations on the seals' bodies.
Callan Duck, a senior research scientist at St Andrews University Seal Mammal Research Unit, told BusinessGreen.com that vessels operating between Statoil's Sheringham Shoal wind farm and Wells Harbour in North Norfolk might be the cause.
"Wind farms per se are not to blame," he said. "It's possible that some of the vessels involved in wind farm construction might be responsible, but we do not know that for sure."
At least 33 mutilated seals have been found washed ashore recently in Norfolk, St Andrews Bay and the Firth of Forth in Scotland. Similar unsolved seal deaths have also been reported off the Atlantic coast of Canada in the past decade.
However, engineering firm Scira, Sheringham Shoal's main contractor, denied the allegations.
"Both Scira and the police have checked all equipment on vessels operating at the site and found no connection," said Scira in a statement yesterday.
Meanwhile, harbour operator Wells Harbour Commissioners (WHC) issued a statement arguing that the boats accused of causing the injuries could not have been responsible.
"These seals began to be found in December 2009 but the fast supply boats using Wells to service the wind farm did not start operating from Wells until April 2010," the company said. "It is therefore entirely wrong to assume that the works to create the new Outer Harbour in Wells are coincident with these seal deaths."
WHC went on to explain that the vessel carrying out dredging work for the wind farm is operating seven miles away from the seal colony at Blakeney where the animals seem to have been killed.
Finally, the harbour said it had been operating boats with ducted propellers "for many years with no such problems reported".
A spokesman for Scottish Environment secretary Richard Lochhead, who commissioned the investigation into the seal deaths, refused to comment on specific theories of death until the studies are concluded.
"I'm hopeful the team at St Andrews can get to the root cause of these disturbing seal mortalities," said Lochhead in a statement. "A number of possible explanations are being considered and I look forward to the investigation being successfully concluded."
Wind farm operators are increasingly frustrated that the industry has been repeatedly linked to incidents of widllife mortalities with turbines having been accused of killing birds and bats as well as seals.
Advocates of the industry maintain there is little eveidence to suggest wind farms are responsible for high wildlife death rates, while insiders are also quick to point out that traffic and household pets pose a far greater threat to British wildlife.
Jessica Shankleman guardian.co.uk, Tuesday 24 August 2010 13.18 BST
Offshore wind farm developers implicated in a mysterious spate of seal deaths have vigorously denied allegations their construction vessels could be to blame.
Scientists investigating the killings believe the deaths were caused by a vessel with a ducted propeller that has caused "corkscrew-style" mutilations on the seals' bodies.
Callan Duck, a senior research scientist at St Andrews University Seal Mammal Research Unit, told BusinessGreen.com that vessels operating between Statoil's Sheringham Shoal wind farm and Wells Harbour in North Norfolk might be the cause.
"Wind farms per se are not to blame," he said. "It's possible that some of the vessels involved in wind farm construction might be responsible, but we do not know that for sure."
At least 33 mutilated seals have been found washed ashore recently in Norfolk, St Andrews Bay and the Firth of Forth in Scotland. Similar unsolved seal deaths have also been reported off the Atlantic coast of Canada in the past decade.
However, engineering firm Scira, Sheringham Shoal's main contractor, denied the allegations.
"Both Scira and the police have checked all equipment on vessels operating at the site and found no connection," said Scira in a statement yesterday.
Meanwhile, harbour operator Wells Harbour Commissioners (WHC) issued a statement arguing that the boats accused of causing the injuries could not have been responsible.
"These seals began to be found in December 2009 but the fast supply boats using Wells to service the wind farm did not start operating from Wells until April 2010," the company said. "It is therefore entirely wrong to assume that the works to create the new Outer Harbour in Wells are coincident with these seal deaths."
WHC went on to explain that the vessel carrying out dredging work for the wind farm is operating seven miles away from the seal colony at Blakeney where the animals seem to have been killed.
Finally, the harbour said it had been operating boats with ducted propellers "for many years with no such problems reported".
A spokesman for Scottish Environment secretary Richard Lochhead, who commissioned the investigation into the seal deaths, refused to comment on specific theories of death until the studies are concluded.
"I'm hopeful the team at St Andrews can get to the root cause of these disturbing seal mortalities," said Lochhead in a statement. "A number of possible explanations are being considered and I look forward to the investigation being successfully concluded."
Wind farm operators are increasingly frustrated that the industry has been repeatedly linked to incidents of widllife mortalities with turbines having been accused of killing birds and bats as well as seals.
Advocates of the industry maintain there is little eveidence to suggest wind farms are responsible for high wildlife death rates, while insiders are also quick to point out that traffic and household pets pose a far greater threat to British wildlife.
British Gas launches solar panels scheme with '£1k a year profit' claim
Energy company says 12 million homeowners could save £1,000 a year, as it looks to take advantage of government scheme
Mark King guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 25 August 2010 07.00
More than 12 million homeowners would be in line to save up to £1,000 a year, should they install solar panels, says British Gas.
The utility firm is the latest in a host of companies offering to install electricity-generating systems on homes to take advantage of a government scheme that pays the owners of solar panels for the 'renewable' electricity they generate.
The sudden allure of solar power is less to do with planet-saving and more to do with companies or individuals banking the lucrative feed-in-tariffs (Fits) for every unit of electricity generated – currently 41.3p per KWh, irrespective of whether you consume the power at the time or not.
British Gas says the Fits payments can be worth £1,000 per annum, though with export tariffs (for power not used) added, they can be worth even more. They are guaranteed by the government for 25 years, are payable via the utility company, and will rise in line with inflation.
British Gas has entered the market with the launch of two schemes. If you opt for its "rent-a-roof" scheme, it will install solar panels on your roof for free and you will benefit from the electricity you generate during the day. The installation is free but you will not own the panels and so British Gas will pocket the Fits cash for the length of the scheme – 25 years. The rent-a-roof deal is limited to the first 1,500 British Gas customers who apply.
Alternatively, you can install your own solar panels and British Gas will offer you a two-year interest-free loan, supplied by Hitachi Capital, with which to borrow the upfront costs. You will receive the feed-in-tariffs as well as benefit from the generation of cheaper power. BG says the upfront cost generally ranges from £10,000 to £15,000 depending on the size of the roof.
With the latter deal, consumers should be aware that they will need to ensure they keep up with repayments, which could be as much as £625 per month on a £15,000 across 24 months.
Cathy Debenham, who runs YouGen.co.uk, a website devoted to helping people thinking of installing this, and other similar technology says the rent a roof scheme, "does not sound any different from anyone else's scheme. The savings they make will depend on their electricity usage and their supplier."
In short, different suppliers treat exported energy differently so some customers will find they save more than others.
Debenham adds that the Fits scheme is "great, but only if you can afford the capital. There is no government-supported scheme for those without the money."
Jon Kimber, the managing director of British Gas New Energy, said: "Solar power will revolutionise the way British homes generate and use energy. Customers [will] reap the benefits of this technology to cut their electricity bills, reduce their carbon footprint and earn a yearly income."
A recent Guardian Money investigation found that it makes financial sense to install the panels yourself. Current remortgaging rates are no more than around 5%-6%, and often lower, but even if you end up paying 12% interest you will still make a huge profit. Most calculations suggest buyers will be able to pay off the costs after nine to 10 years, depending on how much they pay for finance. Most households will make a risk-free profit of £20,000 over the 25 years while enjoying lower electricity bills.
If you are buying the panels upfront, check they come with a warranty. And if you do opt for free solar panels, make sure you get them from a reputable company as you will likely enter into a long-term contract.
Debenham says that, while savings are clearly the incentive with the Fits solar schemes, if consumers install the panels themselves, they will begin to see the green benefits. "It changes forever your relationship with electricity and energy because you can see the impact it has on your bills and how much electricity different things consume. It can teach you to conserve energy."
Mark King guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 25 August 2010 07.00
More than 12 million homeowners would be in line to save up to £1,000 a year, should they install solar panels, says British Gas.
The utility firm is the latest in a host of companies offering to install electricity-generating systems on homes to take advantage of a government scheme that pays the owners of solar panels for the 'renewable' electricity they generate.
The sudden allure of solar power is less to do with planet-saving and more to do with companies or individuals banking the lucrative feed-in-tariffs (Fits) for every unit of electricity generated – currently 41.3p per KWh, irrespective of whether you consume the power at the time or not.
British Gas says the Fits payments can be worth £1,000 per annum, though with export tariffs (for power not used) added, they can be worth even more. They are guaranteed by the government for 25 years, are payable via the utility company, and will rise in line with inflation.
British Gas has entered the market with the launch of two schemes. If you opt for its "rent-a-roof" scheme, it will install solar panels on your roof for free and you will benefit from the electricity you generate during the day. The installation is free but you will not own the panels and so British Gas will pocket the Fits cash for the length of the scheme – 25 years. The rent-a-roof deal is limited to the first 1,500 British Gas customers who apply.
Alternatively, you can install your own solar panels and British Gas will offer you a two-year interest-free loan, supplied by Hitachi Capital, with which to borrow the upfront costs. You will receive the feed-in-tariffs as well as benefit from the generation of cheaper power. BG says the upfront cost generally ranges from £10,000 to £15,000 depending on the size of the roof.
With the latter deal, consumers should be aware that they will need to ensure they keep up with repayments, which could be as much as £625 per month on a £15,000 across 24 months.
Cathy Debenham, who runs YouGen.co.uk, a website devoted to helping people thinking of installing this, and other similar technology says the rent a roof scheme, "does not sound any different from anyone else's scheme. The savings they make will depend on their electricity usage and their supplier."
In short, different suppliers treat exported energy differently so some customers will find they save more than others.
Debenham adds that the Fits scheme is "great, but only if you can afford the capital. There is no government-supported scheme for those without the money."
Jon Kimber, the managing director of British Gas New Energy, said: "Solar power will revolutionise the way British homes generate and use energy. Customers [will] reap the benefits of this technology to cut their electricity bills, reduce their carbon footprint and earn a yearly income."
A recent Guardian Money investigation found that it makes financial sense to install the panels yourself. Current remortgaging rates are no more than around 5%-6%, and often lower, but even if you end up paying 12% interest you will still make a huge profit. Most calculations suggest buyers will be able to pay off the costs after nine to 10 years, depending on how much they pay for finance. Most households will make a risk-free profit of £20,000 over the 25 years while enjoying lower electricity bills.
If you are buying the panels upfront, check they come with a warranty. And if you do opt for free solar panels, make sure you get them from a reputable company as you will likely enter into a long-term contract.
Debenham says that, while savings are clearly the incentive with the Fits solar schemes, if consumers install the panels themselves, they will begin to see the green benefits. "It changes forever your relationship with electricity and energy because you can see the impact it has on your bills and how much electricity different things consume. It can teach you to conserve energy."
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Posts
